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  中国感染控制杂志  2023, Vol. 22 Issue (4): 424-434   DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20233243
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引用本文 [复制中英文]

何静漪, 王芳, 梁倩, 等. 不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎影响的网状Meta分析[J]. 中国感染控制杂志, 2023, 22(4): 424-434. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20233243.
[复制中文]
HE Jing-yi, WANG Fang, LIANG Qian, et al. Effect of different enteral nutrition pathways on ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: a network Meta-analysis[J]. Chin J Infect Control, 2023, 22(4): 424-434. DOI: 10.12138/j.issn.1671-9638.20233243.
[复制英文]

作者简介

何静漪(1998-), 女(汉族), 四川省成都市人, 护士, 主要从事中西医结合护理研究

通信作者

王芳  E-mail: wangf7640@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-08-12
不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎影响的网状Meta分析
何静漪1 , 王芳2 , 梁倩1 , 税晓玲1 , 李玲1 , 林伦玮1     
1. 成都中医药大学护理学院, 四川 成都 610075;
2. 广安市中医医院院长办公室, 四川 广安 638001
摘要目的 采用网状Meta分析方法评价不同肠内营养途径对重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气患者呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的影响。方法 检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普和中国生物医学文献数据库中关于肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者VAP影响的随机对照试验,经过筛选文献、提取数据并对纳入文献进行质量评价后,采用R4.1.3 Gemtc程序包进行贝叶斯网状Meta分析。结果 共纳入46篇文献,包括3 510例患者,涉及5种肠内营养途径(鼻肠管、鼻胃管、胃肠双腔管、胃造瘘管、胃空肠造瘘管)。网状Meta分析结果显示:在降低VAP发生率方面,鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管、胃造瘘管均优于鼻胃管(均P < 0.05),胃造瘘管排序最优,其次为胃空肠造瘘管和胃肠双腔管。在缩短机械通气时间方面,鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃造瘘管均优于鼻胃管(均P < 0.05);在缩短ICU住院时间方面,鼻肠管、胃造瘘管均优于鼻胃管(均P < 0.05);在缩短机械通气和住院时间方面胃造瘘管排序均为最优,其次均为鼻肠管和胃空肠造瘘管。结论 胃造瘘管、胃空肠造瘘管和胃肠双腔管在降低ICU机械通气患者VAP发生率方面具有优势,胃造瘘管、鼻肠管和胃空肠造瘘管在缩短ICU机械通气患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间方面具有优势,但受纳入研究数量和质量的限制,结果应谨慎解释。
关键词肠内营养途径    机械通气    呼吸机相关肺炎    网状Meta分析    肠内营养    
Effect of different enteral nutrition pathways on ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: a network Meta-analysis
HE Jing-yi1 , WANG Fang2 , LIANG Qian1 , SHUI Xiao-ling1 , LI Ling1 , LIN Lun-wei1     
1. School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;
2. Office of President, Guang'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang'an 638001, China
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the effect of different enteral nutrition pathways on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit (ICU) through network Meta-analysis. Methods Randomized controlled trials on the effect of enteral nutrition on VAP in mechanically ventilated ICU patients were retrieved from the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP and CBM databases. After literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation of the included literatures, Bayesian network Meta-analysis was performed using the R4.1.3 Gemtc program package. Results A total of 46 literatures were included in the analysis, involving 3 510 patients and 5 enteral nutrition pathways (nasointestinal tube, nasogastric tube, gastrointestinal double-lumen tube, gastrostomy tube, gastrojejunostomy tube). Network Meta-analysis results showed that in terms of reducing the incidence of VAP, nasointestinal tube, gastrointestinal double-lumen tube, gastrojejunostomy tube and gastrostomy tube were all superior to nasogastric tube (all P < 0.05). Gastrostomy tube was the best, followed by gastrojejunostomy tube and gastrointestinal double-lumen tube. In terms of shortening mechanical ventilation time, nasointestinal tube, gastrointestinal double-lumen tube and gastrostomy tube were all superior to nasogastric tube (all P < 0.05). In terms of shortening the length of stay in ICU, nasointestinal tube and gastrostomy tube were both superior to nasogastric tube (both P < 0.05), In terms of shor-tening duration of mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay, gastrostomy tube was the best, followed by nasointestinal tube and gastrojejunostomy tube. Conclusion Gastrostomy, gastrojejunostomy and gastrointestinal double-lumen tube have advantages in reducing the incidence of VAP in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation. Gastrostomy tube, nasointestinal tube and gastrojejunostomy tube have advantages in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of ICU stay of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. However, the results should be carefully explained due to the limited number and quality of the included studies.
Key words: enteral nutrition pathway    mechanical ventilation    ventilator-associated pneumonia    network Meta-analysis    enteral nutrition    

机械通气是救治急危重症患者的一种重要手段, 被广泛应用于重症监护病房(ICU)。呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是指气管插管或气管切开患者接受机械通气48 h后发生的肺炎[1]。研究[2]显示,VAP发病率在国外为6%~52%,病死率为14%~50%;我国发病率为4.7%~55.8%,病死率为19.4%~51.6%。VAP不仅会延长患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间,甚至会导致患者死亡[3]。早期肠内营养支持是ICU机械通气患者重要的治疗手段,在促进肠道免疫介导、保护肠道完整性和肠道微生物多样性等方面有着积极作用[4]。然而不同的肠内营养途径对机械通气患者VAP的影响存在争议。尽管国内外已有多项Meta分析[2, 5-6]比较了鼻肠管与鼻胃管对于VAP的影响,但未与其他肠内营养途径比较。本研究通过网状Meta分析方法探讨不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者VAP的影响,以期为临床实践中更好地选择肠内营养方式提供证据支持。

1 资料与方法 1.1 文献检索策略

本研究严格依据系统评价和Meta分析首选报告(preferred reporting items for systematic review and Meta-analysis, PRISMA)执行[7]。采用主题词与自由词相结合的方式,检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库(WanFang Data)、维普(VIP)和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)中关于肠内营养途径影响ICU机械通气患者VAP的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT),并进一步手工追溯纳入文献的参考文献。检索时限为建库到2022年6月2日。中文检索词包括:呼吸机相关性肺炎、肠内营养、鼻饲、管饲、鼻肠管、鼻胃管、胃造瘘管、空肠造瘘管、胃肠双腔管、双腔喂养管等。英文检索词包括:ventilator-associa- ted pneumonia、enteral nutrition、feeding tube、gastrointestinal feed、nasogastric tube、nasointestinal tube、percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy、percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy等。

1.2 文献纳入与排除标准

纳入标准:(1)研究类型,RCT;(2)研究对象,年龄≥18岁的ICU机械通气患者;(3)干预措施,试验组和对照组采用鼻肠管、鼻胃管、胃肠双腔管、胃造瘘管、胃空肠造瘘管中的一种肠内营养途径;(4)结局指标,主要结局指标为VAP发生率,次要结局指标为机械通气时间和ICU住院时间。排除标准:(1)研究类型为综述、Meta分析、动物试验等;(2)无法获取全文或重复发表;(3)数据重复或有误;(4)无法提取所需要的数据。

1.3 文献筛选及资料提取

由两名研究者独立筛选文献,意见不一致时与第三名研究者讨论决定。提取作者及发表年份、国家、样本量、年龄、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHE Ⅱ评分)、肠内营养途径及结局指标等资料。

1.4 文献质量评价

由两名研究者按照Cochrane评价手册5.1.0推荐的RCT偏倚风险评估工具评价文献质量,评价内容主要包括随机序列产生、分配隐藏、对研究者与受试者施盲、研究结局盲法评价、结局数据的完整性、选择性报告研究结果、其他偏倚七个方面。

1.5 统计分析

运用Review Manager 5.4.1软件进行文献质量评价和异质性检验。若I2≤50%或P>0.1,则提示无异质性,使用固定效应模型;若I2>50%或P≤0.1,则提示异质性较大,使用随机效应模型,并进一步分析异质性来源。连续性变量采用均数差(mean differences, MD)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示,二分类变量采用比值比(odds ratio,OR)和95%可信区间CI表示。应用R4.1.3 Gemtc程序包分析数据,绘制网络关系图[8-9];选择4条马尔科夫链,初始更新迭代次数设定为5 000,继续更新迭代次数初值设定为20 000。采用潜在的尺度缩减因子(potential scale reduced factor,PSRF)进行模型的收敛性评估,当PSRF趋向于1时提示模型收敛满意,否则继续增加迭代次数。当存在闭合环时,使用节点拆分法进行局部不一致性检验,P>0.05判断为一致性较好,使用一致性模型分析,否则采用不一致性模型[10]。根据Gemtc提供的累积排序曲线下面积(surface under the cumulative ranking curve,SUCRA)对不同肠内营养途径的优劣进行排序[11]。采用Stata 15.0绘制校正-比较漏斗图,判断是否存在发表偏倚。

2 结果 2.1 文献筛选流程及结果

初步检索获得相关文献2 814篇,经逐步筛选后,最终纳入46篇[12-57]文献。见图 1

图 1 不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者VAP影响的网状Meta分析文献筛选流程图 Figure 1 Screening flowchart of literatures included in the network Meta-analysis of the effect of different enteral nutrition pathways on VAP in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation
2.2 纳入文献的基本特征和质量评价

纳入46篇文献中,33篇中文文献,13篇英文文献,包括3 510例患者。纳入文献的基本特征见表 1。质量评价结果见图 2

表 1 不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者VAP影响网状Meta分析纳入文献的基本特征 Table 1 Basic characteristics of literatures included in the network Meta-analysis of the effect of different enteral nutrition pathways on VAP in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation

图 2 不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者VAP影响网状Meta分析的文献质量评价 Figure 2 Quality evaluation on literatures included in network Meta-analysis of effect of different enteral nutrition pathway on VAP in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation
2.3 网状关系与一致性分析 2.3.1 网状关系图

各干预措施的网状关系如图 3所示。共涉及5种肠内营养途径,包括鼻肠管、鼻胃管、胃肠双腔管、胃造瘘管、胃空肠造瘘管。图中每个圆点代表一种肠内营养途径,圆点的大小代表了对应的肠内营养途径纳入患者数量,连线的粗细代表了直接比较的肠内营养途径的研究数量。

图 3 不同肠内营养途径对ICU机械通气患者VAP影响的网状关系图 Figure 3 Network diagram of the effect of different enteral nutrition pathways on VAP in ICU patients with mechanical ventilation
2.3.2 一致性检验与收敛性评估

VAP发生率和机械通气时间存在闭合环,因此对其采用节点拆分法进行局部不一致性检验。VAP发生率结果显示P<0.05,采用不一致性模型分析;机械通气时间结果显示P>0.05,采用一致性模型分析。本研究的三个结局指标的PSRF均趋向于1,提示收敛性良好。

2.3.3 异质性检验

分别对各效应指标下两种不同的干预措施直接比较,且研究数目≥2的原始研究进行异质性检验。结果显示,以VAP发生率为指标时,鼻肠管对比鼻胃管的各研究间无明显异质性(I2=12%,P<0.001);胃肠双腔管对比鼻胃管的各研究间也无明显异质性(I2=40%,P<0.001)。以机械通气时间为指标时,鼻肠管对比鼻胃管的各研究间异质性较大(I2=85%,P<0.001),逐一剔除文献进行敏感性分析,发现异质性改变较小,且按照患者年龄和APACHE Ⅱ评分作亚组分析,发现异质性亦无明显变化;胃肠双腔管对比鼻胃管的两项研究间异质性较大(I2=96%,P=0.14),推测原因可能是Lin等[49]和于刘芳[47]研究间样本量差距较大;胃造瘘管对比鼻胃管的三项研究间异质性较大(I2=98%,P=0.16),剔除黄薇等[56]研究之后,异质性消除(I2=0,P=0.001),推测原因可能是该研究随机分配风险较高。以ICU住院时间为指标时,鼻肠管对比鼻胃管的各研究间异质性较大(I2=92%,P<0.001),逐一剔除文献进行敏感性分析,发现异质性改变较小,且按照患者年龄和APACHE Ⅱ评分作亚组分析,发现异质性亦无明显变化;胃肠双腔管对比鼻胃管的四项研究间异质性较大(I2=97%,P=0.19),剔除全华斌等[50]研究,发现异质性变化明显(I2=72%,P<0.001),推测原因可能是该研究纳入患者的年龄分布不同;胃造瘘管对比鼻胃管的四项研究间异质性较大(I2=95%,P=0.004),剔除黄薇等[56]研究发现异质性变化明显(I2=79%,P=0.003),推测原因可能是该研究随机分配风险较高。

2.4 网状Meta分析结果 2.4.1 VAP发生率

共39篇[12-36, 38-41, 43-49, 52-54]文献报道了VAP发生率。网状Meta分析结果显示,在降低ICU机械通气患者VAP发生率方面,鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管、胃造瘘管均优于鼻胃管(均P<0.05);但除鼻胃管以外其余四种肠内营养途径相互比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。见表 2。VAP发生率越低说明此肠内营养途径疗效越好,因此SUCRA值越接近0疗效越好,排序越靠前。鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管、胃造瘘管、鼻胃管的SUCRA分别为0.62、0.32、0.30、0.24、0.99,说明肠内营养途径疗效由高至低为胃造瘘管>胃空肠造瘘管>胃肠双腔管>鼻肠管>鼻胃管。

表 2 VAP发生率的网状Meta分析结果[OR(95%CI)] Table 2 Network Meta-analysis on the incidence of VAP (OR [95%CI])
2.4.2 机械通气时间

共35篇[12-15, 17-22, 24-25, 27-36, 39-44, 47, 49, 51, 53-56]文献报道了机械通气时间。网状Meta分析结果显示,在缩短ICU机械通气患者机械通气时间方面,鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃造瘘管均优于鼻胃管(均P<0.05);胃空肠造瘘管与鼻胃管比效,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);除鼻胃管以外其余四种肠内营养途径相互比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。见表 3。机械通气时间越短说明此肠内营养途径疗效越好,因此SUCRA值越接近0疗效越好,排序越靠前。鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管、胃造瘘管、鼻胃管的SUCRA分别为0.30、0.69、0.49、0、0.99,说明肠内营养途径疗效由高至低为胃造瘘管>鼻肠管>胃空肠造瘘管>胃肠双腔管>鼻胃管。

表 3 机械通气时间的网状Meta分析结果[MD(95%CI)] Table 3 Network Meta-analysis on the duration of mechanical ventilation (MD [95%CI])
2.4.3 ICU住院时间

共34篇[12, 14, 17-20, 22, 24-25, 29-44, 47, 49-50, 52-57]文献报道了ICU住院时间。网状Meta分析结果显示,在缩短ICU机械通气患者ICU住院时间方面,鼻肠管、胃造瘘管均优于鼻胃管(均P<0.05);胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管与鼻胃管比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);除鼻胃管以外其余四种肠内营养途径相互比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。见表 4。ICU住院时间越短说明此肠内营养途径疗效越好,因此SUCRA值越接近0疗效越好,排序越靠前。鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管、胃造瘘管、鼻胃管的SUCRA分别为0.30、0.69、0.49、0、0.99,说明肠内营养途径疗效由高至低为胃造瘘管>鼻肠管>胃空肠造瘘管>胃肠双腔管>鼻胃管。

表 4 ICU住院时间的网状Meta分析结果[MD(95%CI)] Table 4 Network Meta-analysis on the duration of ICU stay (MD [95%CI])
2.5 发表偏倚检验

以主要结局指标VAP发生率为代表绘制校正-比较漏斗图,结果显示散点集中分布在中上部,对称度不佳,提示可能存在一定程度的发表偏倚。见图 4

注:A为鼻肠管;B为胃肠双腔管;C为胃空肠造瘘管;D为胃造瘘管;E为鼻胃管。 图 4 VAP发生率的校正-比较漏斗图 Figure 4 Correction-comparison funnel plot of VAP incidence
3 讨论

目前在危重症患者的救治过程中,机械通气成为了首要救治手段之一[14]。危重症患者自身抵抗力低下,而使用机械通气可能导致患者肺损伤、通气不足及感染,加重营养消耗[58]。2016年美国重症医学会(SCCM)和美国肠外肠内营养学会(ASPEN)明确指出,成年危重症患者首选肠内营养供给方式[59]。然而机械通气患者因卧床时间长、病情危重、电解质紊乱、胃肠动力障碍等因素,极易发生胃潴留引起呕吐。机械通气是侵入性操作,损伤气道黏膜,使其失去原本的防御功能,增大患者发生误吸的概率,从而增加VAP的发生率[46]。发生VAP明显延长患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间,甚至增加并发症的发生率和病死率。选择合理的肠内营养途径有助于减少VAP的发生,改善ICU机械通气患者的预后,提高生活质量。常用的肠内营养途径有鼻胃管、鼻肠管、胃造瘘管等,目前尚无研究比较哪种途径对于降低ICU机械通气患者的VAP发生率效果最佳,因此本研究通过网状Meta分析的方法比较各种肠内营养途径对VAP影响的优劣性。

网状Meta分析结果显示,在降低ICU机械通气患者VAP发生率方面,鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃空肠造瘘管、胃造瘘管优于鼻胃管,效果最好的是胃造瘘管,其次是胃空肠造瘘管和胃肠双腔管。经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)具有操作简单、安全、术后并发症少的特点,并且患者痛苦少、容易接受[60]。赵勇[57]研究表明,胃造瘘管与传统的鼻胃管相比,可以减少胃食管反流、减少鼻咽部不适。黄薇等[56]研究提到,有效的肠内营养能够改善肠上皮细胞的结构和功能,提高肠黏膜的免疫功能,减少肠腔内病原菌的定植,从而阻断因激活全身网状内皮系统而产生的全身损伤性效应,减少感染发生的概率,以及增加机体的抵抗力。俞隼等[61]研究显示,早期高效的营养支持避免了丢失过多的肌肉蛋白,改善了骨骼肌和呼吸肌功能,从而使通过胃空肠造瘘管进行肠内营养的患者所需的机械通气时间和ICU住院时间更短。由于免疫功能恢复,感染风险下降,发生呕吐、误吸的概率下降,从而降低VAP的发生率。常金来[62]研究表明,使用胃肠双腔管喂养,食物直接进入肠道,使胃内溶液量减少,且双腔管可以定时监测胃残余量和进行胃肠减压,从而减少反流和细菌滋生的机会,降低VAP发生率。

网状Meta分析结果显示,在缩短ICU机械通气患者机械通气时间方面,鼻肠管、胃肠双腔管、胃造瘘管优于鼻胃管;在缩短ICU机械通气患者ICU住院时间方面,鼻肠管、胃造瘘管优于鼻胃管。效果最好的都是胃造瘘管,其次是鼻肠管和胃空肠造瘘管。采用鼻肠管进行肠内营养的有效性和安全性都较高,不良反应以及对人体的损伤较小[26]。鼻肠管喂养是使食物直接进入小肠,小肠的紧张性收缩可使管腔在一定程度上保持形状,维持压力;小肠分节运动使食糜与消化液充分混合,促进消化和吸收;肠蠕动将食糜推到远端,避免出现反流,减少发生误吸的概率,从而降低VAP发生率,缩短机械通气时间和ICU住院时间[63]

本研究存在一定的局限性:①不同肠内营养途径纳入研究数量存在差异,部分文献研究的肠内营养途径数量较少,样本量也较小;②纳入研究的方法学质量偏低,部分研究没有具体描述随机分组方法;只有少部分研究描述了分配隐藏的实施情况和盲法实施过程;③纳入研究的患者年龄和APACHE Ⅱ评分存在一定的差异,可能会对结果造成一定的影响;④纳入研究中的部分肠内营养途径缺乏直接比较且间接比较差异无统计学意义,故结论应用仍需结合实际。

综上所述,有限证据表明,胃造瘘管、胃空肠造瘘管和胃肠双腔管在降低ICU机械通气患者VAP发生率方面具有优势,胃造瘘管、鼻肠管和胃空肠造瘘管在缩短ICU机械通气患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间方面具有优势。受纳入研究数量和质量的限制,结果应谨慎解释,且结论尚待更多高质量的研究予以验证。

利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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