Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection in pregnant and postpartum women and neonates, and provide basis for its prevention and treatment. Methods The occurrence, clinical manifestations, laboratory indicators, disease severity, treatment, and prognosis of LM infection in pregnant and postpartum women and neonates in two tertiary hospitals in Xi’an City from May 2011 to July 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Results A total of 35 cases of pregnant and postpartum women (n=23) and neonates (n=12) with LM infection were included in analysis. All 23 pregnant and postpartum women infected with LM had clinical symptoms but without specific manifestations. The major clinical symptoms included fever (86.96%), abdominal pain (21.74%), as well as cough and expectoration (13.04%), out of which 14 cases (60.87%) experienced intrauterine fetal death. The major clinical manifestations of 12 neonates infected with LM were fetal distress (75.00%), premature birth (50.00%), and fever (16.67%). The prognosis of pregnant and postpartum women was good, but 5 cases experienced neonatal death. Conclusion When LM infection occurs in pregnant and postpartum women and neonates, the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal mortality is high, it is necessary to be alert and use sensitive antimicrobial agents for early treatment.